法国四联380毫米炮：修订间差异

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==装备简介==

'''380 mm/45 Model 1935'''火炮是法国研发的最后一种战列舰主炮，这种武器有着异端不甚光彩的服役历史。

“[[黎塞留]]”号战列舰只在1940年6月短暂的火炮试验中试射过6轮，随后就逃亡北非躲避德军的入侵。在逃亡期间，她只携带了296枚APC弹，而且输弹机构也只是勉强能工作。

在1940年9月英军攻击法军在达喀尔的舰队时，“黎塞留”号的II号炮塔开火还击——因为I号炮塔的船员被派往岸上操作岸炮了——但靠右舷的两门炮在第一次齐射中就出现了故障，7号炮直接炸膛，8号炮则严重变形。虽然5号炮和6号炮仍能正常工作，但第二天炮手们都被转移去操作I号炮塔。I号炮塔上使用的发射药所提供的膛压比前一天要低，以防再次发生炸膛事故。然而，使用减装药也使得射程急剧减小，而且带来了火控上的麻烦。

“黎塞留”号在两天内共射击了24轮，但一次也没有命中目标。战斗过去数天后，法军希望重新清理5号和6号炮使其能正常射击，但5号炮也遇到了和8号炮同样的问题，而且炮管卡在了15°仰角的位置上。见此，6号炮上的发射药和炮弹也只得被取下来。

7号炮这个问题的产生可以追溯到炮弹设计上的一个缺陷。法国的380mm APC炮弹底部的弹底栓内有4个毒气腔，其底部由带有螺纹的底盖负责封闭。但这些底盖最薄处只有5mm，只能承受约2700kg/cm²的压力。而当时由于天气炎热，火炮发射时的膛压根据估测达到了3700kg/cm²，也远远高出火炮3200kg/cm²的正常工作压力。发射时巨大的压力挤碎了底盖，所形成的高速破片穿过腔内使弹底栓顶盖变形，乃至击穿。而弹底栓的顶盖一旦被击穿，发射药气体将进入炮弹的装药室，接触到装药的同时将其引爆，导致炮弹在膛内发射爆炸。

炸膛事件发生后，法国人把炮弹换装了更坚固的底盖，同时毒气腔也用水泥进行填充。

“让·巴尔”号战列舰在1940年5月法国沦陷时只有I号炮塔安装了炮管。原本用于II号炮塔的4根炮管中，在法国战败时有2门放在圣纳泽尔码头，其中有一门装载在货轮上准备运往北非，但货轮离港没多久即被德军飞机击沉；而另外一门据报则在德军占领港口前被拆解。第三门火炮在运往圣纳泽尔的途中被德军缴获，第四门则放在吕埃尔（Ruelle）的火炮工厂。

一共7门火炮被德军缴获，其中3门被送往挪威。这些火炮原本计划用于瓦达森（Vardaasen）地区的岸防，但这些火炮群没有投入使用。战后，至少有5门火炮被归还法国，它们全都送往吕埃尔的工厂进行翻修。

1943年，在“黎塞留”号于美国进行改造的过程中，她那三门报废的火炮被从“让·巴尔”号上拆下来的火炮替换。有传言称“黎塞留”号的火炮在改造中被扩膛到了15.0英寸（381毫米），这是不正确的，法国方面的记录指出火炮内径一直是380毫米。改装过后不久，美国坩埚钢公司（Crucible Steel Company of America）根据法国人的参数为“黎塞留”号特别生产了新的APC弹。

战后仍然有新的炮管继续生产，它们主要用于“让·巴尔”号上。

Richelieu had delay coils for the center guns of each turret fitted in 1947-1948 when a tighter dispersion pattern was desired in order to take the maximum advantage of radar fire control. During tests at Mers el-Kébir in May 1948, the measured average dispersion at 26,500 meters (29,000 yards) was 525 meters (575 yards) without the firing delay and 300 meters (330 yards) with a 0.060 second firing delay (at this time the guns had all fired more than 200 shells without refit).

These weapons were mounted in quad turrets, which were really more of a dual-twin arrangement. The quad mounting was chosen as a result of weight considerations, as it meant less turret and protective belt armor was required, an important consideration for ships designed under Treaty limitations. However, this configuration did mean that a single hit could destroy half of the main armament. The individual guns were sleeved, although some descriptions imply that the relative motion of the guns in each pair was limited. The French were apparently unhappy with the all-forward arrangement, as the design for the last ship in the class, Gascogne, returned to the more traditional fore-aft arrangement.

These guns were of complex assembly and a curious mix of modern and traditional French methods. Model 1935 had 31 components consisting of an A tube, breech bush, twenty hoops, breech ring, four tubes to the muzzle ending in the muzzle bush and a locking ring. Used a stepped loose liner that was held in place by a ring screwed into the breech end of A tube. Model 1936 was simpler, having only 20 components with the number of hoops reduced to ten and the number of tubes reduced to three. Both models were autofretted.

The Welin breech mechanism opened upwards automatically as the the gun ran out after firing. It was hydro-pneumatically powered and balanced by counterweights. An automatic lock with ten electric tubes for firing was fitted to the breech mechanism.

A total of 21 guns were built between 1936 and 1940 with an additional 9 guns built post-war. All of the post war guns were scrapped, but the pre-war guns have fared better. One gun from Richelieu is on display at the military harbor of Brest, near Recouvrance Bridge. A second gun is on display at Gâvres, a third at Ecole Navale Lanvéoc Poulmic and a fourth is at Ruelle. A fifth gun was removed from Richelieu as she was being scrapped and then used by the Italian Navy during the 1960s to test high-velocity projectiles. This gun is now on display at the Naval Arsenal in La Spezia.

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